Calendar of a War

 

 

 

Inheritances of World War I TO the conference of the Peace united in Paris, of January to May 1919, him «!conseil of the four!» (France, United Kingdom, Italy and United States) had imposed the will of winners to losers, respecting principles announced in the Fourteen Points little, of the president Thomas Wilson. Thus, rancœurses were numerous and nourished problems of the international relations of between-two-wars. Germany, considered how responsible of the conflict, was amputated not only territorially, but as disarmed and, especially, submissive to the payment, for decades, of enormous repairs. She/it judged that the treaty of Versailles that was him imposed was an inadmissible diktat. The central and oriental Europe found again parceled out: the disappearance of Austria-Hungary resulting in the creation many small States often very fragile, unhappy of borders who only held little strong account of nationality problems - as much of potential germs for new conflicts. Winners were himself especially preoccupied to construct «!un sanitary cord!» against the extension of the revolutionary ideology out of the USSR. Italy, well that victorious, she/it was as unhappy of his/her/its fate, appraising the victory «!mutilée!», because his/her/its territorial claimings in Dalmatia and in Albania were not don't satisfy. Japan judged very insufficient his/her/its acquirements in Asia. France, United Kingdom and the United States had more or less reaches their objectives of war!; they had annihilated the military arsenal German, reorganized Europe and, in 1920, instituted league of nations, (SDN), whose objective was to guarantee the security and the peace. However, very quickly, their policies diverged. France, controlled by Georges Clemenceau, had not gotten guarantees that she/it asked against Germany!; she/it knocked herself/itself to United Kingdom, that, with Lloyd George, extolled a politics more moderate to the consideration of losers. The United States, as for them, were returned since 1919 to their traditional isolationist politics!; the Senate, disavowing Wilson, refused to ratify treaties!; the country tempted to solve the economic problems bound to the payment of war debts. The crisis economic of 1929, that spread to most States, was also to the origin of a serious political crisis and morals. The United States closed again themselves on themselves, practicing a politics of protectionism. In France, the, Popular forehead, with his/her/its program extolling «!le bread, the peace and the liberty!», carries off the legislative elections of May 1936. The failure of efforts of peace If years 1920 appeared like a period marked by will to build a steady peace, the situation changed radically with effects of the big crisis and the rise of fascisms. The creation, in 1920, to Geneva, league of nations answered to a generous ideal and raised one big hope: she/it had to guarantee the peace by the collective security. She/it opened an international tribune in all adhesive countries (but alone winners or countries remained neutral during the conflict were able to there to adhere). powers of the SDN remained limited to his/her/its capacities however of persuasion!; in case of difficulties, she/it could not take, against one Refractory state or that infringed to principles of the organization, that of the moral or economic sanction decisions - his/her/its members being free to either apply them no. Besides, the United States, not having ratified the treated of Versailles, didn't adhere no more to the SDN, limiting thus, his/her/its action. Other indicators illuminate on the pacific mind of years 1920. At the time of the conference of Washington, in February 1922, the main, naval strengths (United States, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy) decided of a common agreement to limit their fleet according to a determined ratio. The agreements of Locarno, descended of the conference of the same name (of the 5 to October 16 1925) illustrated the short free-German reconciliation period, under the aegis of the two foreign ministers, Aristide Briand, and Gustav Stresemann!; they were come with by their British counterparts Joseph Chamberlain and Belgian Émile Vandervelde, as well as by Benito Mussolini, chief of the Italian government. The signed agreements guaranteed borders European, in particular those of France and Belgium with Germany. In 1926, France, reassured, accepted the admission of Germany to the SDN. Other symbol of pacifism to his/her/its apogee: the Briand-Kellog pact (of names of the American secretary of state and the French foreign Business minister), signed in Paris August 27, 1928 by 57 States, was a pact of «!renonciation general to the war!» whose signers committed to solve all conflicts «!de pacific manner!».

 

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